{"id":1872,"date":"2022-01-17T18:30:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T11:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/?p=1872"},"modified":"2024-02-27T10:00:10","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T10:00:10","slug":"arek-pada-masa-pra-kolonialisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/2022\/01\/17\/arek-pada-masa-pra-kolonialisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Arek on The Pre-Colonial Era"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis: 15%;\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-image-1798\" src=\"http:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Anugrah Yulianto Rachman&#8211;Nugi. Peneliti Arek Institute.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis: 85%;\">\r\n<p>Indonesian researchers and writers have always marked the pre-colonial era as the initial period of the formation of Arek culture. This can be observed through two writings that attempt to trace the formation of this culture during that episode. The first article is by Autar Abdillah titled &#8220;Hybridity of the Javanese Arek Cultural Meeting&#8221; (2007) and the second work by Akhudiat titled &#8220;Arek Culture&#8221; in his book &#8220;Entering and Exiting Villages&#8221; (2008).<\/p>\r\n<p>In Autar&#8217;s article, he aims to prove that Arek values have emerged since the period 1037-1468. This is evidenced by natural phenomena that caused geographical landscape changes in the Arek culture distribution area. Because, around that period, Mount Kelud erupted as many as 22 times. These eruptions had an impact on the Arek culture area, Surabaya.<\/p>\r\n<p>The eruptions caused Surabaya at that time to be covered with cold lava from the eruption. Autar presents a map of Surabaya once drawn by Faber, showing that originally, Surabaya was an area formed of island clusters or deltas. Consequently, the eruption caused the deltas, separated by rivers, to be covered and become a unified area. This landscape change also influenced the formation of the Arek Surabaya character.<\/p>\r\n<p>The character, created from this geographical landscape, is the characteristic of the Arek community known to be tough, loud, and brave. This character emerged from the island or delta formation of this subculture area. Because of the geographical condition of their environment, separated by rivers, the Arek community was accustomed to speaking loudly and boldly. This also formed the character or characteristics of Arek culture.<\/p>\r\n<p>According to him, Arek culture&#8217;s character is not only caused by natural phenomena but also influenced by the familiar term Arek or Rek. He attempts to trace this based on the term Arek derived from Old Javanese language. For him, the term emerged from the root word Ari, which means younger brother, younger sister, or even someone who is not a relative.<\/p>\r\n<p>Moreover, the term Ari is also connected to the Kawi noun meaning adhi, aryi, ari-ari, aruuman. Apparently, the term Ari is also preserved in Kawi language. Not stopping there, he also observes the change in the term Arek that occurred in this term. In Old Javanese, Ari-Ika or arika changed its meaning to Arek. However, it has the same meaning, which is sibling (ari-ari riko).<\/p>\r\n<p>This means, the greeting pattern in the Arek subculture already contains the meaning of brotherhood. This is further strengthened by the spirit of togetherness in this subculture. For Autar, this value is shown when someone comes to visit, they will be welcomed as if at their own home. This value is not only contained in the familiar greeting Arek, but it is also preserved in other forms, such as Sinoman Suroboyo.<\/p>\r\n<p>On the other hand, the tracing done by Autar has also received a response from Akhudiat. Akhudiat attempts to trace the formation process of Arek culture before the conquest by Mataram. Because Surabaya, as the central locus of Arek culture distribution, was once influenced by the presence of Raden Rahmat (Sunan Ampel). This is shown from the political relations within Sunan Ampel&#8217;s family.<\/p>\r\n<p>Sunan Ampel&#8217;s aunt, Darawati, had a close relationship with Prabu Kertawijaya\u2014ruler of Majapahit. Due to her closeness with the ruler of Majapahit, he was given the mandate to secure the Ampel Denta area on the north coast of Surabaya in the 15th century. From there, he received the title Sunan Ampel. Simultaneously, the area became the central locus of Islamization in Surabaya.<\/p>\r\n<p>Sunan Ampel&#8217;s presence, in order to secure the area, indeed had an influence on the development of Arek culture at that time. Because Surabaya, as an area under Majapahit&#8217;s control, also absorbed values from the kingdom&#8217;s culture. That culture is the characteristic of language that does not have a hierarchy.<\/p>\r\n<p>Majapahit introduced to Arek culture the form of egalitarian language. This language had a closeness with the values adopted by the Arek community. This also has similarities with the pattern of Islamic teachings during Sunan Ampel&#8217;s period. Because when introducing Islam in Java, the community was more introduced to the Arabic language in the form of Arabic Pegon (Bald Arabic).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The egalitarian language pattern, in the method of teaching Islam through Pegon Arabic, intersects with the Islamization process in Arek culture. This indicates that the formation of Arek culture had already occurred since the period before the subjugation by Mataram. The entry of Sunan Ampel also had implications for this culture. The impact was the mixing of Islam with Arek Culture.<\/p>\r\n<p>Due to the closeness of these language values, Arek culture had a profound impact on its life. This impact led to the creation of different characteristics within the Arek culture. This difference is marked by the segregation of the Arek community, such as Arek Lor-loran (mosque and tomb of Ampel) with Arek Kidulan (Wonokromo). Both characterize the life characteristics of the white (putihan) and the abangan communities.<\/p>\r\n<p>On one hand, based on the Islamization process, Akhudiat attempts to prove that the period before the subjugation by Mataram also had an impact on the formation of Arek culture. This is shown from various phenomena of Islamization and segregation of Arek culture during that period. On the other hand, Autar Abdillah tries to prove the formation of this culture in the period 1037-1468. Both individuals complement each other&#8217;s research areas.<\/p>\r\n<p>Therefore, both studies provide a significant insight into the period of formation of Arek culture in the pre-colonial era. They support and illustrate the study of Arek (Arek Studies). This also shows that the formation of the Arek subculture has gradually evolved since that period.<\/p>\r\n<p>In summary, Arek, as a culture, has formed itself long before the phenomenon of colonialism. Its formation was influenced by various phenomena, such as natural phenomena, linguistics, and even Islamization.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Peneliti maupun penulis Indonesia selalu menandai masa pra kolonialisme sebagai periode awal pembentukan budaya Arek. Itu dapat dilihat melalui dua tulisan yang berusaha melacak pembentukan budaya ini pada episode tertentu. Tulisan pertama adalah tulisan milik Autar Abdillah yang berjudul \u201cHibriditas Pertemuan Budaya Jawa Arek\u201d (2007) dan karya kedua milik Akhudiat yang berjudul \u201cBudaya Arek\u201d dalam bukunya \u201cMasuk Kampung Keluar Kampung\u201d (2008).\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1881,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"<!-- wp:columns {\"verticalAlignment\":\"top\",\"align\":\"wide\"} -->\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide are-vertically-aligned-top\"><!-- wp:column {\"width\":\"15%\"} -->\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":1798} -->\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img src=\"http:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/fotonya-cayang-1-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1798\"\/><\/figure>\r\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\r\n<p>Anugrah Yulianto Rachman--Nugi. Peneliti Arek Institute. <\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\r\n<!-- \/wp:column -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:column {\"width\":\"85%\"} -->\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\" style=\"flex-basis:85%\"><!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Peneliti maupun penulis Indonesia selalu menandai masa pra kolonialisme sebagai periode awal pembentukan budaya Arek. Itu dapat dilihat melalui dua tulisan yang berusaha melacak pembentukan budaya ini pada episode tersebut. Tulisan pertama adalah tulisan milik Autar Abdillah yang berjudul <em>\u201cHibriditas Pertemuan Budaya Jawa Arek\u201d <\/em>(2007) dan karya kedua milik Akhudiat yang berjudul <em>\u201cBudaya Arek\u201d<\/em> dalam bukunya <em>\u201cMasuk Kampung Keluar Kampung\u201d<\/em> (2008).\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Dalam artikel milik Autar, ia ingin membuktikan bahwa nilai-nilai Arek sudah muncul semenjak periode 1037-1468. Itu dibuktikan dengan fenomena alam yang membuat perubahan lanskap geografis di wilayah sebaran budaya Arek. Sebab, pada kisaran periode tersebut, gunung Kelud pernah meledak sebanyak 22 kali. Ledakan tersebut memiliki dampak kepada wilayah sebaran budaya Arek, yaitu Surabaya.<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Ledakan tersebut menyebabkan, Surabaya kala itu, tertutup lahar dingin dari letusanya. Autar menampilkan peta Surabaya yang pernah digambarkan oleh Faber bahwa, awalnya, Surabaya adalah daerah yang berbentuk gugusan pulau atau delta. Akibatnya, letusan gunung tersebut menyebabkan delta, yang dipisah oleh sungai, tertutup dan menjadi suatu kesatuan. Perubahan lanskap tersebut turut mempengaruhi terbentuknya watak Arek Surabaya.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Watak, yang telah tercipta dari lanskap geografis tersebut, adalah karakteristik masyarakat Arek yang terkenal keras, lantang, dan pemberani. Watak tersebut muncul dari bentuk kepulauan atau delta dari wilayah subkultur ini. Sebab, kondisi geografis lingkunganya, yang terpisahkan dengan sungai, masyarakat Arek sudah terbiasa untuk berbicara dengan keras dan lantang. Hal tersebut turut membentuk watak atau karakteristik budaya Arek.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Watak budaya Arek, menurutnya, tidak hanya disebabkan karena fenomena alam, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh sapaan akrab yaitu Arek atau Rek. Ia berusaha melacak berdasarkan istilah Arek yang berasal dari Bahasa Jawa Kuna. Baginya, istilah tersebut muncul dengan kata dasar Ari, yang memiliki arti adik laki-laki, adik perempuan, bahkan orang yang bukan kerabat.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Selain itu, istilah Ari tersebut juga memiliki keterkaitan dengan kata benda Kawi yang berarti <em>adhi, aryi, ari-ari, aruuman<\/em>. Ternyata, istilah Ari juga tersimpan dalam kebahasaan Kawi. Tidak berhenti di situ, ia juga melihat perubahan istilah Arek yang terjadi pada istilah tersebut. Dalam Jawa Kuna, <em>Ari-Ika <\/em>atau <em>arika<\/em> berubah makna menjadi Arek. Namun memiliki arti yang sama, yaitu <em>sedulur<\/em> <em>(ari-ari riko)<\/em>.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Artinya, pola sapaan, dalam subkultur Arek, sudah mengandung makna persaudaraan. Itu semakin dikuatkan dengan semangat kebersamaan dalam subkultur ini. Bagi Autar, nilai tersebut ditunjukan dengan ketika seorang datang bertamu, maka ia akan dipersilahkan seperti di rumah sendiri. Nilai tersebut tidak hanya terkandung pada sapaan akrab Arek, tetapi itu juga tersimpan dalam bentuk lain, seperti Sinoman Suroboyo.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Di sisi lain, pelacakan yang dilakukan Autar, faktanya, juga mendapat respons dari Akhudiat. Akhudiat berusaha melacak proses terbentuknya budaya Arek dalam periode sebelum penaklukan Mataram. Sebab, Surabaya, sebagai lokus sentral sebaran budaya Arek, pernah dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran Raden Rahmat (Kanjeng Sunan Ampel). Itu ditunjukan dari relasi politis dalam keluarga Sunan Ampel.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Bibi Sunan Ampel, yaitu Darawati, memiliki kedekatan dengan Prabu Kertawijaya\u2014penguasa Majapahit. Karena kedekatan bibinya dengan penguasa Majapahit, ia diberi amanat untuk mengamankan kawasan Ampel Denta di pesisir Utara Surabaya pada abad 15. Dari situlah, ia mendapatkan sebutan Sunan Ampel. Sekaligus daerah tersebut menjadi lokus sentral islamisasi di Surabaya.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Kehadiran Sunan Ampel, dalam rangka mengamankan daerah tersebut, ternyata, memiliki pengaruh bagi perkembangan budaya Arek pada periode tersebut. Sebab, Surabaya, sebagai daerah yang dikuasai Majapahit, juga mendapatkan serapan nilai-nilai dari kultur kerajaan tersebut. Kultur tersebut adalah ciri bahasa yang tidak memiliki hierarkis.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Majapahit mengenalkan kepada budaya Arek tentang bentuk bahasa yang egalitarian. Kebahasaan tersebut memiliki kedekatan dengan nilai-nilai yang dianut masyarakat Arek. Hal tersebut juga memiliki kemiripan dengan pola ajaran Islam pada periode Sunan Ampel. Sebab, ketika mengenalkan islam di Jawa, masyarakat lebih dikenalkan dengan corak kebahasaan Arab dalam bentuk Arab Pegon (Arab Gundul).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Pola kebahasaan yang egalitarian, dalam cara pengajaran islam melalui Arab Gundul, memiliki irisan dengan proses islamisasi di budaya Arek. Itu menunjukan bahwa terbentuknya kebudayaan Arek juga telah terbentuk semenjak periode sebelum penundukan Mataram. Masuknya Sunan Ampel juga memberikan implikasi terhadap budaya ini. Dampak tersebut adalah dampak percampuran Islam dengan Budaya Arek.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Karena kedekatan nilai bahasa tersebut, budaya Arek memiliki dampak yang dahsyat dalam kehidupanya. Dampak tersebut adalah terciptanya perbedaan karakteristik masyarakat di dalam budaya Arek. Perbedaan tersebut ditandai dengan segregasi masyarakat Arek, seperti <em>Arek Lor-loran<\/em> (masjid dan makam Ampel) dengan <em>Arek Kidulan<\/em> (Wonokromo). Keduanya mencirikan ciri karakteristik kehidupan masyarakat putihan maupun abangan.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Di satu sisi, berdasarkan proses islamisasi tersebut, Akhudiat berusaha membuktikan bahwa periode sebelum penundukan Mataram juga memiliki dampak terhadap pembentukan budaya Arek. Itu ditunjukan dari pelbagai fenomena islamisasi dan segregasi budaya Arek pada periode tersebut. Di sisi lain, Autar Abdillah berusaha membuktikan pembentukan budaya ini pada periode 1037-1468. Kedua orang tersebut saling mengisi ruang yang beririsan.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Oleh sebab itu, Kedua penelitian tersebut cukup memberikan gambaran hal-ihwal masa pembentukan budaya Arek pada periode pra kolonialisme. Keduanya saling memberikan penguat dan gambaran pada kajian Arek <em>(Arek Studies).<\/em> Itu sekaligus menunjukan bahwa pembentukan subkultur Arek telah berangsur jauh semenjak periode tersebut.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\r\n\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"fontSize\":\"normal\"} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">Singkatnya, Arek, sebagai suatu budaya, telah membentuk dirinya jauh sebelum fenomena kolonialisme. Pembentukanya dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai macam fenomena, seperti fenomena alam, kebahasaan, bahkan islamisasi.<\/p>\r\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\r\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\r\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[17,24,57,70,75],"class_list":["post-1872","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-en-kampung","tag-arek-institute","tag-budaya-arek","tag-pusat-kajian-subkultur-arek","tag-seni-budaya","tag-subkultur-arek"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1872","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1872"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1872\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":227523,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1872\/revisions\/227523"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1881"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1872"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1872"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arekinstitute.id\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1872"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}